Jawbone loss can result from a variety of conditions, often requiring a bone graft to restore its structure and function. Below are some common causes of jawbone deterioration:

Tooth Extractions

When an adult tooth is removed and not replaced, the jawbone that once supported the tooth can begin to shrink. Teeth stimulate the jawbone during activities like chewing, and when a tooth is lost, this stimulation ceases. The section of bone known as the alveolar bone, which anchors the tooth, begins to break down due to lack of use.

The speed and severity of bone loss vary between individuals, but significant bone loss often occurs within the first 18 months after extraction and can continue throughout life.

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Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease, an infection of the gums and surrounding structures, can lead to jawbone deterioration. It affects the tissues that support the teeth, including the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum, and gums.

The condition typically begins with gingivitis, which is caused by plaque buildup on the teeth. Plaque, a sticky film of food particles and bacteria, can harden into tartar if not removed through daily brushing and flossing. Over time, untreated gingivitis may progress to periodontitis, a more severe condition that destroys gum tissue and the bone that holds teeth in place.

As the disease advances, teeth may loosen and fall out, contributing to further bone loss in the jaw.

Trauma

Injuries that result in tooth loss, jaw fractures, or significant damage to teeth can lead to jawbone deterioration. For example, a tooth that is knocked out or broken to the gum line no longer stimulates the underlying bone, causing it to resorb over time. Bone grafting can reverse this process by encouraging new bone growth and restoring function.

Misalignment

Improper alignment of the teeth or jaw can create uneven pressure on certain areas of the jawbone. For instance, teeth without opposing structures may over-erupt, leading to reduced bone stimulation. Over time, this imbalance can contribute to bone loss. Addressing alignment issues early can help prevent further complications.

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection that affects the jawbone and bone marrow, causing inflammation and reduced blood flow to the bone. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and removal of the infected bone. Bone grafting may be needed to replace lost bone tissue and restore jaw function.

Tumors

Both benign and malignant tumors in the facial area can lead to jawbone loss. Benign tumors may require removal of a portion of the jaw, while malignant tumors often invade the jawbone, necessitating extensive surgery. Reconstructive bone grafting is often used to restore jaw function and structure after tumor removal.

Developmental Defects

Some individuals are born with conditions that result in missing portions of the teeth, jawbone, or facial structures. Bone grafting can help reconstruct these areas, improving both function and appearance.

Sinus Issues

When upper molars are removed, the maxillary sinuses in the upper jaw may expand into the area where the bone once supported the teeth. This condition, known as a hyper-pneumatized sinus, can result in insufficient bone for dental implant placement. A sinus lift procedure can correct this issue, providing a stable foundation for implants.

Bone grafting procedures can address many of these issues by promoting new bone growth and restoring jaw function. If you are experiencing any of these conditions, consult your dentist or oral surgeon to discuss treatment options tailored to your needs.